my+portfolio+(chapter2)

**Information Systems in the Enterprise:**

 It is obvious that there are many different organizational levels and many different functional areas within one organization ,this diversty implies that one single information system cannot serve the various functional requirments for each level or for each functional area....so in one organization (manufacturing or services )there are 3 types of information systems : **1. operational level systems. 2. managmenet level systems. 3. srtaegic level systems**. another main classification of the information systems used in an organization is : **1.operational support systems (OSS).including( TPS). 2.Management support systems (MSS),including (MIS,DSS,ESS). ****3.Other classification**. According to the first classification: each system serve the requriments for each organizational level **__1.operational level systems __**: these systems serve the operational level at the bottom of the pyramid as fig 2-1 shows...these systems helps the operational managers to track the daily routine transactions and elementry activites necessary to conduct the business...the basic principle purpose of these systems is to answer routine questions such as how many parts there are in the inventory??what happen with Mrs maisse payments?? and so on...TPS actually is considered as an operational level system which in it's turn perform and record the daily routine transactions instead of performing them manually by operational managers...Examples of TPS are :accounting TPS (payroll),reservation systems in hotels,sales and marketing TPS such as order processing and point of sale(P.O.S) ,human resources TPS such as recordkeeping. TPS is the major source of information for all other types of I.S,not just the operational managers( in sales and marketing,human resources,production and manufacturing,financial and accounting)a middle manager can access to the information produced by TPS and get benefit,that what is called  INTEGERATION.  All tasks ,repots ,resources are completely highly structured in the operational level.TPS systems produce instant information on operations in all the business functions with high level of details.  **__2.Management level systems __**: these systems serve the management level ,and provide the middle managers with information that help them in planning controlling monitoring decision making and other administrative activities.DSS and MIS are 2 examples of management information systems.  **__MIS __**: MIS is an information system that serves the management organizational level ,it helps the managers in decision making processes ,and provide managers with reports and online access to the operations and historical data,exclusively MIS focuses on the internal not external or environmental issues,MIS produce periodic reports which are less structured(semmi structured ) ..TPS depends only on internal source of information namely from TPS.MIS use very simple not complicated ways of processing data such as classification,listing without any sophisticated statistical ways. **__DSS __**: DSS is an information system that serves the management (tactical) level,it helps the middle managers to make decisions that are unique,nonroutine ,rapidly changing,not easily specified in advance,DSS adress problems where the procedure for arriving at a solution is not fully developed or predefined in advance.DSS use internal information from TPS and MIS..and at the same time they often bring information from external sources,such as product prices of competitors.DSS have high analytical power more tahn other systems,these systems explicitly include user-friendly software,they are interactive you can change the assumptions,ask many different questions each time.DSS deal with WHAT -IF questions,such as what will be the profits if the production increase by 7%.DSS sometimes are called as **business intellegence systems** because they focus on helping users make better business decisions. senior managers use excutive support systems to help them make decisions.ESS serve the strategic level of the organization.they address the nonroutine decisions requiring judgmet,evaluation and insight because there is no agreed -on procedure for arriving at a solution. ESS are designed to incorporate data about external events such as new tax laws or competitors,but they also draw summarized information from internal sources MIS,DSS.they filter,compress,and track critical data ,displaying the data of greatest importance to senior managers.ESS produce unstructured ,summarized,short reports.there are no specific questions addressed by ESS.they are less analytical than DSS.and because ESS are designed to be used by senior managers who often have little,if any,direct contact or experience with computer based information systems,they incorporate easy-to-use graphic interfaces.these systems focus on strategic long term issues in the firm and the external organization,and try to match between the firms' capabilties and the external environment.
 * __3.Strategic level systems (ESS) __**: